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In two dimensional works, space can be implied using a range of techniques:

Size – larger shapes appear to be closer to us and smaller objects seem further away.

Colour – warm, vibrant colours and darker tones seem to advance and appear closer to the viewer. Cooler, less vibrant colours and paler tints recede and feel further away.

Overlapping - a shape which covers part of another seems closer. A sense of depth is created as if one object was in front and the other behind.

Placement – objects that are higher in the frame tend to look further away as if they were closer to a horizon or vanishing point.

Perspective – lines that grow closer together as they get closer to a vanishing point create a sense of depth and can make flat shapes seem like three dimensional forms with volume.

Atmospheric perspective – objects that are more detailed and that have clear outlines and edges seem closer. Those with less detail and that are less clearly defined appear further away.