Historic figures: R
- Walter Raleigh (c.1552 - 1618) - Tudor explorer, navigator, favourite of Elizabeth I
- Rameses the Great (reigned 1279-1213 BC) - Egyptian pharaoh, prolific builder on monumental scale
- Ronald Reagan (1911 - 2004) - 20th century US president, brought collapse of the Soviet Union
- Rembrandt (1606-1669) - 17th century Dutch artist
- John Rennie (1761 - 1821) - 18th-19th century engineer of docks, canals, aqueducts
- Richard I (1157 - 1199) - medieval king of England, led the Third Crusade
- Richard II (1367 - 1400) - medieval king of England, ended the Peasants' Revolt, deposed
- Richard III (1452 - 1485) - last Yorkist king of England, killed in battle
- Jack the Ripper (?) - late Victorian serial killer in London's East End
- Augustus Pitt Rivers (1827 - 1900) - Victorian pioneer of archaeology
- Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) - French revolutionary leader, executed
- William Heath Robinson (1872 - 1944) - 19th-20th century cartoonist, illustrator
- Peter Mark Roget (1779 - 1869) - 19th century physician, writer, inventor of the Thesaurus
- Franklin D Roosevelt (1882 - 1945) - statesman, World War Two US president
- Theodore Roosevelt (1858 - 1919) - 20th century US president
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778) - French 18th century political philosopher
- Prince Rupert (1619 - 1682) - Royalist cavalry commander in the English Civil War
- Ernest Rutherford (1871 - 1937) - 20th century nuclear physicist, Nobel prize winner