Caliphs hosted grand banquets in their palaces with lots of food and music.
A writer who went by the name 补濒-奥补谤谤腻辩 wrote an Arabic cookbook in the 9th century called Kitab al-Tabikh (The Book of Dishes). It has recipes used for the courts of the Abbasid Caliphate (AD750 - 1258) in Baghdad.
During the month of Ramadan, Muslims would fast (not eat or drink) during the hours of daylight. At the end of Ramadan, people celebrated with lots of food and gifts.
Muslims around the world today still participate in Ramadan and celebrate its end during Eid ul-Fitr.