Covalent molecules
Discrete covalent molecules are small groups of atoms held together by strong A bond between atoms formed when atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of electrons. inside the molecule and weak intermolcular forces between the molecules.
The covalent bond itself is a shared pair of electrons electrostatically attracted to the positive nuclei of two non-metal atoms. The atoms achieve a stable outer electron arrangement (a noble gas arrangement) by sharing electrons.
Most of the discrete covalent molecules are diatomic elements:
- Hydrogen (H2)
- Nitrogen (N2)
- Oxygen (O2)
- Fluorine (F2)
- Chlorine (Cl2)
There are also some larger covalent molecular elements:
- Phosphorous (P4)
- Sulfur (S8)
- Fullerenes (C60)
Covalent molecules of Phosphorous, Sulfur and Fullerene