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  • Chemical changes and structure

    • Periodicity

      The periodic table arranges all chemical elements in special ways. Different types of chemical bonding, and patterns and trends can be observed in their arrangement.

    • Structure and bonding

      Elements are held together in different ways and the properties of chemical compounds are determined by the bonding between atoms and the attractive intermolecular forces between molecules.

    • Oxidising and reducing agents

      Reducing agents donate electrons while oxidising agents gain electrons. Both have various applications in chemistry. Redox reactions involve both reduction and oxidation taking place.

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