Why was the Roman army important?
The Roman army was the largest fighting force in the ancient world.
It conquered a huge empire that stretched from Britain all the way to the Middle East. The soldiers were the best trained, they had the best weapons and the best armour.
When the Romans invaded Britain, their army was so good that it took on armies 10 times its size and won!
How was the army organised?
Only men could be in the Roman Army, no women were allowed. There were two main types of Roman soldiers: legionaries and auxiliaries.
The legionaries were the elite (very best) soldiers. A legionary had to be over 17 years old and a Roman citizen.
Every new recruit had to be fighting fit - anyone who was weak or too short was rejected.
Legionaries signed up for at least 25 years' service. But if they survived their time, they were rewarded with a gift of land they could farm. Old soldiers often retired together in military towns, called 鈥榗辞濒辞苍颈补鈥.
An auxiliary was a soldier who was not a Roman citizen. He was only paid a third of a legionary鈥檚 wage.
Auxiliaries guarded forts and frontiers but also fought in battles, often in the front lines where it was the most dangerous.
How did the Roman army fight?
The Roman army was huge. It was divided up into groups called 鈥legions鈥. Each legion had between 4,000 and 6,000 soldiers.
A legion was further divided into groups of 80 men called 鈥centuries鈥. The man in charge of a century was known as a 鈥centurion鈥. He carried a short rod, to show his importance.
Some soldiers shot bows and arrows, flung stones from slingshots, or could swim rivers to surprise an enemy.
Roman soldiers lined up for battle in a tight formation. After a burst of arrows, the Roman soldiers marched towards the enemy. At the last minute, they hurled their javelins and drew their swords, before charging into the enemy. Then the cavalry (soldiers riding horses) chased anyone who tried to run away.
Watch the video below and take a trip around the famous Roman fort at Vindolanda on Hadrian's Wall.
Find out about Vindolanda.
Presenter: The fort here at Vindolanda was the home to 800 soldiers and their job was to guard the wall against people they described as barbarians.
Now, for the Romans, barbarians were local tribes who lived on the other side of the wall in what鈥檚 now, northern England and Scotland.
But it wasn鈥檛 the legionaries that guarded the wall. This was the job of auxiliary soldiers who came from right across the Roman empire鈥 places like Belgium, Spain, Greece, and even as far away as Africa.
After 25 years working as an auxiliary, you could become a Roman citizen. And when the soldiers weren鈥檛 on duty guarding the wall, they lived here with their families. These are their barracks. And we can still see their remains today.
Barracks are soldiers鈥 homes. These ones at Vindalanda used to have two floors and an attic on top.
This was the main road in the middle and it would have been humming with activity with the soldiers coming out and washing themselves in the morning and at the end of the day.
That big building that you can see at the end there, that was basically the posh bit, that was where the centurions slept so they were the bosses keeping their eyes on all the soldiers down here.
This is one of the three public loos that鈥檚 been left here at Vindalanda. You鈥檇 have had twelve wooden seats along here. You鈥檇 sit down, do your business straight into the drain below and probably have a chat with some of your friends as you did so.
And I know it looks a bit odd but that鈥檚 because in Roman times people always used to go to the loo at the same time, together so it wasn鈥檛 very private.
For the last forty years, archaeologists who are really like detectives, have been digging carefully through layers of soil, finding extraordinary evidence of the lives of the soldiers who once lived here.
Justin Blake, Archaeologist: What we鈥檙e looking for is the little things that they鈥檝e dropped and left behind: shoes, writing tablets, little bits of weapons and armour and like a detective, those are the clues that we use to find out what the Roman people were doing here all that time ago.
Presenter: And what鈥檚 particularly special about what鈥檚 been found here?
Justin Blake: The undoubted highlight from Vindolanda are the amazing writing tablets that we find and these are tiny little postcard sized scraps of birch and alderwood that the Roman soldier have written to each other and further afield with an old fashioned iron pen that they dip into the ink and write straight on top of the bits of wood.
And from those letters we just have an enormous amount of information about the Roman soldiers but others as well and exactly what they thought about living right at the edge of the empire on Hadrian鈥檚 Wall.
Presenter: The letters reveal the most fantastic details about the soldiers鈥 lives, how they miss their friends and their families and the good wine back at home. But the main thing that they seem to moan about is the freezing cold up here in the north of England.Luckily some of their mates could send them supplies.
鈥淚 have sent you some pairs of socks from Satura, two pairs of sandals and two pairs of underpants. I pray that you live in the greatest of good fortune.鈥
Well it鈥檚 good to know that even the Romans had to wear pants.
How well trained were Roman soldiers?
- A Roman soldier was a well-trained fighting machine. He could march 20 miles a day, wearing all his armour and equipment. He could swim or cross rivers in boats, build bridges and smash his way into forts.
After a long day鈥檚 march, Roman soldiers had to build a camp, complete with a ditch and a wall of wooden stakes. The next day, they had to do it all again!
Roman soldiers weren't always at war - they spent most of their time training for battle. They practised fighting in formation and man-to-man. Legionaries also patrolled their conquered territories and built roads, forts and aqueducts (a bridge which carried water).
Activities
Activity 1: Roman legionary's equipment
Click on this Roman legionary below to find out about his equipment.
Activity 2: Quiz 鈥 Roman army
Teaching resources
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