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Von Neumann architecture provides the basis for the majority of the computers we use today. The fetch-decode-execute cycle describes how a processor functions.

Primary memory is a key component of a computer system. Its function is to hold data and programs that are currently in use.

All data is represented as binary digits, whether it is numbers, text, images or sound. Calculations are also done in binary.

Networks can be arranged in different topologies. Encryption is used to ensure that messages can be sent securely over a network.

Networking computers brings many benefits to users. Without networking, many computing applications would not be possible.

Networks operate on the principles of communication and sharing. Unfortunately, these principles mean that network traffic and data can be more easily subject to access by people who have no authority to do so.

A computer is controlled by systems software. Operating systems provide this control, while utilities help to maintain the system.

The use of computers has brought about ethical, legal, cultural and environmental impacts. These issues increasingly affect people's daily lives.