91�ȱ�

Many Irish families joined equally poor migrants from all over Britain, working in harsh conditions in the textile factories of the north west of England. Another common employment for Irish men was to work as ‘navvies’, digging the earth to build canals, roads, railways and docks. This work took them all over the country. Irish seamen and dock workers settled in port communities such as South Shields and Cardiff and worked on merchant trading ships.

The very hard life experienced by hundreds of thousands of poor Irish migrants was made far worse by extreme racism. In cartoons, newspaper articles, speeches by politicians and popular jokes, Irish people were portrayed as savage, violent, drunken and animal-like. Anti-Irish racism was widespread and nasty. Other reasons for divisions between English and Irish workers included:

• politics, because many Irish migrants supported the idea of 91�ȱ� Rule (Ireland should have its own government)
• pay, because many English workers felt that the Irish were undercutting their wages by accepting lower pay
• religion, because most Irish immigrants were Catholic, while most English and Scottish were Protestant

There were sometimes anti-Irish and anti-Catholic riots and sometimes violence between Irish Catholics and Protestants, for example in the 1840s and 1850s in Cardiff, Greenock, Stockport and towns in north-west England.

However, Irish people also mixed with the English population and intermarriage was common. There was also a large number of middle-class Irish immigrants including business people, artists and writers such as Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw. Many soldiers and officers in the British Army were Irish. By 1900, most Irish families were seeing an improvement in their lives.