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Professor Arif Babul is a Professor with the Department of Physics & Astronomy at the University of Victoria Faculty of Science in Canada. He is a specialist in theoretical cosmology and studies the origins of structure in the universe and how galaxies are formed. He develops theories about how the universe evolved and tests them with computer simulations. He also explores how our universe evolved from an extremely smooth state into a rich network of galaxies.

Professor Anna Frebel is Assistant Professor in the Astrophysics Division of the Department of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the USA. Anna is credited with discovering several of the oldest and most primitive stars using the world鈥檚 largest telescopes. As one of the world鈥檚 leading researchers in this field, Anna Frebel聽 has 鈥渆xcavated鈥� sections of the night sky in the hunt for these extremely rare relic stars鈥攕ome of which have been shining for more than 13 billion years. Her book 鈥楽earching for the Oldest Stars: Ancient Relics from the Early Universe鈥� examines these phenomena.

Dr Paul Savage is the Marie Curie Research Fellow in the Department of Earth Sciences at Durham University in the UK as well as an Honorary Research Fellow at the University of St. Andrews. Dr Savage鈥檚 research has shown for the first time there are vast amounts of sulphur in the earth鈥檚 core. Dr Savage explains how solid geochemical evidence supports this, lending weight to the theory that the Moon was formed by a planet-sized body colliding with Earth. He says the key to confirming this lay in measuring the isotope ratios of elements (isotopes are atoms of the same element with slightly different masses) in the mantle, and comparing these to certain meteorites, which are believed to be the best match to Earth's original composition.

In our Sixty Second Idea to improve the world, the astronomer Anna Frebel suggests that once a year the entire earth should switch off all the lights, so that we can truly marvel at the universe.

Photo/illustration: Shan Pillay