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Russia was ruled by the Tsars who used the Pillars of Autocracy to support their authority. The oppressive system left little hope of political change. As a result, revolutionary ideas began to grow.

Long term economic and political discontent led to the 1905 revolution. Defeat by Japan brought the Tsar's rule into question. The Bloody Sunday massacre was an important short term cause.

The October Manifesto and elected Duma brought political reform. Many Russians were given more rights. At the same time the army, Okhrana and other groups were used to suppress revolutionary groups.

Tsar Nicholas II was a poor leader. Economic problems grew, made worse by Russia's disastrous involvement in World War One. Social unrest led to the February Revolution and his abdication.

Weakness of the Provisional Government, economic and social problems and continuation of the war led to growing unrest and support for the Soviets. Led by Lenin, the Bolsheviks seized power.

In Lenin and Trotsky, the Bolsheviks had strong leaders. They used ruthless tactics and propaganda to great effect. Geographical position also contributed to the Reds victory in the Russian Civil War.