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There are a wide range of materials, including glass and clay ceramics, polymers, metals and composite materials. They have different physical properties, which make them suitable for different uses.

Different materials can be made from atoms of the same element. The properties of the material depend upon the bonding between the atoms and structure of the substance.

Nanoparticles are 1 nm to 100 nm in size. They have very large surface area to volume ratios. The properties of nanoparticulate substances are different from those of the same substance in bulk.

A life-cycle assessment provides a 'cradle-to-grave' analysis of the impact of a manufactured product on the environment. The method of disposal of a product, can affect impact on the environment.