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As a parent of a neurodivergent child, it can be difficult to comprehend their unique understanding of the world.

In the 91�ȱ� documentary Inside Our Autistic Minds, presented by Chris Packham, autistic people created films which present their lives in a new light. What can we, as parents, learn about autistic masking, camouflaging and non-speaking autism from these films?

"For much of my early life, I felt completely misunderstood. Like no one knew what was going on inside my head, how different my world was." - Chris Packham

Parents' Toolkit has spoken to Professor Francesca Happé, from King's College London - who has 30 years of experience in specialist research into autism - about two films from the documentary. The films are a collaboration with Flo and Murray - sharing their experience in their own words - as they explore the challenges of autistic masking and communicating without speech.

What is masking?

Stand-up comedian Flo is 28 and lives in Wiltshire with her husband Duncan. Her film focuses on her experience of masking…

"When you're autistic, masking, camouflaging is a survival strategy. It's to avoid judgement or avoid bullying, it's a way to fit into the non-autistic world. - Flo

“Masking and camouflaging are when people hide parts of themselves or suppress certain behaviours, interests or ways of being that would be natural to them,” explains Professor Happé. “They do this in order to fit in with neurotypical society.”

Thinking about how neurotypical people (people who are not autistic or neurodivergent) mask, can be a helpful way to understand how neurodivergent people mask.

Professor Happé says, “If you think about situations where any of us have had to put on a bit of a mask, if you imagine being in a job interview or something like that, it's pretty stressful and it's tiring, and for how long are you doing that? Probably for half an hour or maybe an hour. Autistic people tell us that the masking that they're having to do is going on 24/7.”

Behaviours which might feel natural to an autistic person could include flapping hands or arms when they’re excited or rocking or pacing up and down to calm themselves. Professor Happé says, “if they have to suppress those behaviours, it might be really quite distressing for them.”

Professor Happé says one reason why autistic people mask is because, “they’ve been bullied or ostracised, for showing those autistic behaviours. And so it really means that we have to become a more neurodiversity inclusive society, and not put all the emphasis on the autistic person to change how they are.”

"I have masked with everybody in my life. Including you mum. I wanted to be the perfect child. I wanted to make you proud." - Flo

Flo talks in the documentary about how she has masked in front of her mum. Professor Happé says, “I think when there's masking at home it’s because it's become routine. But it's often the case too, that parents see a very different picture of their child at home from what teachers see at school.”

“So a child who may mask a lot at school and really keep a lid on their autistic behaviour and interests and so on, may come home and have a real meltdown because they're just exhausted from having to keep that up all the time.”

Autism and conversations

"I love rules in a conversation. I love small talk because if someone goes, ‘How are you doing? How was your day?’ I can go, ‘It was great thank you, how was yours?’ I know what comes next." - Flo

Flo also talks in the documentary about how she likes the rules of day-to-day conversations. Professor Happé explains that, “it's certainly easier for autistic people in general when what goes on is somewhat predictable. If it was all routine, if you knew exactly what you should say, what the other person should say, then you don't have to read the other person's mind.”

“The other thing is that in neurotypical conversations, we say a lot of things that aren't literally true, and that can be very confusing for autistic people. So if I say, I've got to fly, I might just mean I've got to go, rather than I'm going to get a plane. Or if I say, I'll be back in a minute, and I actually take five minutes, that can feel to the autistic person like I've told a lie.”

Non-speaking autism

Murray is 20 years old, lives in Oxfordshire and is non-speaking. Although he doesn't speak he can communicate through the aid of a speech synthesiser.

"I have no voice but yearn to say so much." - Murray

“Perhaps a quarter of autistic people will have minimal spoken language.” says Professor Happé, “many of them will have intellectual disabilities as well.”

Because Murray understands language his situation is fairly rare. “Just a small proportion of autistic people will have good intellectual functioning, good understanding of language but an inability to produce speech. And for some of those, they'll be able to use , (like a tablet or laptop) to independently type for example.”

It’s not uncommon for children to have a delay in speaking. Professor Happé says, “A delay in speaking at the level of your peers is not uncommon at age three or four. When it goes on longer than that, it begins to be more of a concern. If children are not speaking when they're five or six, there will be a concern that without some help, they may not develop speech.”

“At any age, a child who is not yet speaking should be given other ways to communicate. It is really important to put in place alternative modes of communication as soon as possible - whether that's a picture system of communication, Makaton, gesture-based language or an app or device. Having these alternative forms of communication won't stop a child from developing speech.”

Advice for parents

There are lots of resources out there to help you learn more about autism including articles on 91�ȱ� Bitesize Parents’ Toolkit and information on the National Autistic Society website - see below.

“The more that we understand about autism, the more that we can meet autistic people in a fair way,” says Professor Happé. “You can think about it as a translation between the autistic mind and the neurotypical mind. And the more we understand the person we're translating with, the better we can do that.”

Find out more in the 'My Autistic Self' playlist on 91�ȱ� Ideas.

Watch both episodes of Chris Packham's documentary Inside Our Autistic Minds on 91�ȱ� iPlayer.

This article was updated to clarify at what stage AACs and other forms of language assistance might be used to help children.

For further support and reading on autism and diagnosis:

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at the University of Cambridge.

This 91�ȱ� Action Line page offers links to organisations that can support parents.

This article was updated to clarify when AACs and other forms of language assistance might be used to help children.

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