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I was sixteen years old when war was declared and working as a clerk/typist in my hometown of Smethwick on the outskirts of the city of Birmingham. The situation was regarded as grave and since bombing raids were expected air raid precautions were commenced and ARP units established. These consisted of First Aid and Rescue Services based at Ambulance Stations which often consisted of commandeered commercial garages. Being a junior member of the St John's Ambulance Brigade, I decided that I would volunteer for duty at the nearest First Aid Post to my home and reported for duty three or four evenings a week. I was issued with a steel helmet, a navy blue drill uniform and an arm-band printed with the words "First Aid". The first months of the war were very quiet and often referred to as the 鈥減honey war鈥�, but it was to be a very brief respite. The period was used to prepare us for any eventuality and was spent in practising and improving our skills. We worked in teams and each ambulance was manned by a driver, a rescue worker (these two duties were sometimes combined) and an ambulance attendant. The ambulances were well equipped to deal with any type of emergency. The enemy attacks began in mid-1940 and I had my first experience of bombing raids and their consequences. At one time, following the air raid alarm, all the ambulances were drawn up in the road in readiness. I was carrying a tray of tea to the waiting drivers and had just started to cross the road to them, when a basket of incendiary bombs burst above. Everyone shouted at me to take cover, but I was too stunned to drop the tray and just stood there frozen to the ground! Fortunately for me there didn鈥檛 appear to be one with my name on it! It was during one of these experiences that I first met and worked with my husband to be. He was in charge of a Rescue Team and had one of the most dangerous jobs. As the intensity of air raids increased we reported for duty on a regular basis and often worked throughout the night. It was a salutary experience and ultimately responsible for my decision to train as a nurse when the time came for me to report for a job of national importance at the age of 18 years.

In 1941 I applied to a newly built hospital on the outskirts of Birmingham and was accepted for a four year training as a nurse. It was a voluntary hospital (or teaching hospital) adjacent to the University of Birmingham and its Medical School, and was rated at the time as the most modern hospital in the U.K. The National Heath Service did not exist of course until 1948 and before that time there were two types of hospital. Voluntary hospitals were dependent on subscriptions, donations by companies and payment for treatment by private patients. Treatment and medical/nursing training was superior to that offered by the other type of hospitals known as infirmaries which were funded by the local authority and often built near a cemetery! Consequently there was an established fear of patients when admitted to an infirmary that it was a one-way trip to this place! The late Queen Mother, who was then Queen Consort to H. M King George VI, declared this new voluntary hospital open in early 1939 and graciously consented to give it her own name 鈥� it was known as the Queen Elizabeth Hospital. All nurses were required to live in, and at no time were allowed to wear their uniform away from the hospital. Very strict rules were observed including that which forbade marriage during the period of training. A difficult decision for many a young girl whose fianc茅 was due for overseas combat!! We were required to pay 拢20 for our uniform and textbooks and the salary for our first year was 拢18. However we did have to pay for board and lodging!

The medical profession was male dominated at this time, and female medical students were noticeable by their absence. The nursing profession was all female, and no training existed for male nurses until some time after the war. Hospital porters and orderlies were very few and generally were recruited from conscientious objectors. They gave good service, but junior student nurses were often called upon to carry out tasks usually designated to them. One of my first recollections of this was in my first year of training. I was instructed by the Ward sister, to shave the very hairy chest of a patient in preparation for an operation to remove his spleen. In the preliminary training school, we had been taught to use a cut-throat razor on a life size model, but never in our wildest dreams did we think we would be called upon to put this into practice. The patient in question recoiled in horror on realising my intention, and quickly offered to do the job himself. Needless to say I was greatly relieved!

As air raids and military campaigns intensified, our nursing duties and experiences expanded. We received many air raid casualties from surrounding areas, including those from city hospitals. The centre of Birmingham was attacked relentlessly, and there were admissions of casualties which exceeded capacity. At one particularly vicious bombardment we were forced to put casualties on stretchers in the corridors due to lack of beds. We could see the glow of fires burning in the city, and our own hospital was subjected to attack from incendiary bombs. It eventually became necessary to evacuate hospital patients from some of the wards in order to make room for air raid victims and much later for military personnel from various campaigns. Emergency units were set up in small cottage hospitals and convalescent homes throughout the surrounding area to accommodate the evacuated patients. Some of the injuries sustained by air raid victims were devastating and made an everlasting impression on the young student nurses involved in their treatment. The memory of some tragic cases remain with me to this day.

However, there were lighter moments. During my first year I spent time nursing army personnel who were ill or had been injured during training exercises. One young lieutenant had received a bullet wound in his leg whilst on such an exercise in Ireland. He was admitted at mid-week, two days after rations of sugar had been issued to all patients. I knew that there was a tin of glucose in the ward store cupboard, and offered to get some for him to put on his porridge. Imagine the hilarity in the ward when it proved to be salt and not glucose. I was mortified and decided that I would beg a boiled egg from the diet kitchen to compensate. This would be a great treat and the other officers in the ward were very envious, but it wasn鈥檛 to be my day! As the young man cracked his egg, it exploded and a horrible green mess appeared. Everyone was of the opinion that it was a deliberate joke carried out by me, but there was great hilarity and the young man forgave me. Later that week we were informed that there was to be an inspection of the military patients by a Brigadier General. Officer patients were in small wards, but the ranks were all nursed in one large ward. As the top brass made his tour of the ward, a Sergeant Major who was one of the patients called everyone to attention. I鈥檝e never seen anything so funny as all patients lying stiffly to attention in their hospital bed!

At the end of my first year I was despatched to work as a junior theatre nurse. The theatre block consisted of five large well-designed theatre suites with state of the art equipment, plus two smaller units for minor surgery. It was tough working under a Theatre sister who demanded nothing but perfection in our duties, and tolerated fools badly. Fortunately I was well suited to the job, and luckily made few mistakes. I loved working as part of a team of dedicated people. This proved to be the turning point of my nursing career as I naturally gravitated towards surgical nursing and in particular theatre work. During the war due to a variety of pressures there was difficulty in arranging a structured form of nurse training, and consequently each student was placed according to their particular interest and ability.

My next theatre assignment was in 1942. Morale throughout the country had been at its lowest ebb during 1941 and also early 1942 with disastrous news from the North African campaign. However when 鈥楳onty鈥� was appointed commander of the 8th Army and arrived in the desert, the North African campaign took a new turn. In early October there was a great allied victory with Rommel鈥檚 troops being routed, and Tobruk taken. This news was a great boost to the country, but the hospital was told to prepare to receive many casualties. It was feared that there would be many cases of gangrene due to the slow and tedious journey required to bring the injured back to England. When the convoys started to arrive I was on duty in one of the theatres. Three theatres, including the one in which I was working, were designated to deal with the casualties. Because of the large number it was decided to have two operating tables working concurrently in each of the theatres in order that treatment could be carried out as speedily as possible. Most were suffering from severe and complicated leg wounds, which had been treated by casualty clearing stations at the front. The treatment comprised immobilisation of the limb in what was then called a Thomas splint (usually used in the treatment of fractured thighs). A very thick plaster of Paris cast was applied over this to a depth of 4-5 inches. On admission to the theatre medical students armed with shears removed the plaster cast while the surgical team scrubbed in readiness to operate. The discarded plaster splints and dressings were most offensive and gave off a smell which none of us working at the time will ever forget! However they proved to be the salvation of many young men and saved limbs which would surely have required amputation. There was not one case of gangrene, and that particular device came to be called the 鈥淭obruk Splint鈥�. Whilst operating on the first patient at one table, another patient on the second table was being prepared. On completion of the operation, the medical students exchanged places with us to put on a fresh plaster cast. The surgical team then scrubbed and started work on the second patient鈥� and so on throughout the night. We worked non-stop, as did the other theatres, from 4pm until 8 am the next morning. However we had the enormous satisfaction of knowing that no amputations had been necessary鈥�.but the theatre was a sorry mess. The back lobby was full of discarded and stinking plaster casts and there was blood and plaster on the swing doors of the theatre from the hands of the medical students and porters. In spite of this, everyone went off-duty pleased with their night鈥檚 work and not a twinge of conscience at leaving such chaos to be restored by the on-coming staff!

Theatre became my own special field and I became interested in the revolutionary plastic surgery being carried out at this time. I was also privileged to work with some of the surgeons who pioneered this work. There was no such thing as nylon sutures of course, and my fine red hair was often called into use. After being sterilised it was used to repair median nerves which had been damaged in forearm injuries caused by shrapnel. It evidently had the advantage of being both fine and strong! We carried out different types of skin grafts, the results of which were painstakingly slow. Seldom did the theatre staff see the end results of our efforts, but many badly burned pilots were supported psychologically by the young nurses who cared for them post-operatively. I often think of one young man who鈥檇 suffered particularly severe injuries. I was called upon to assist three surgeons who had decided to work in unison on this soldier. A Plastic Surgeon and a Facio-Maxillary Surgeon worked together to replace a shattered lower jaw with a piece of bone chiselled from his hip by an Orthopaedic Surgeon. A tube of flesh from his abdomen had been prepared earlier by the Plastic surgeon and attached to his wrist. This was called A Pedicle graft and would be used to form a chin. Once the bone had been removed from the hip in readiness for use, the Orthopaedic Surgeon prepared to work on his shattered lower leg. I was kept bust supplying all three surgeons with the correct 鈥榯ools of their trade鈥�, moving from top to middle to bottom of the table and handing the necessary instruments, sutures etc. My theatre team at this time consisted of one nurse and one orderly! All instruments were selected and sterilised before an operation by the theatre staff since there was no such thing as a Central Sterilising Dept. as now. I often wonder at the outcome of this surgery on the poor young men.

In May 1944 we had an inkling that something was in the air. We鈥檇 been told that we were to remain within call of the hospital if we were on holiday or off duty. When the Second Front did take place on 6th June, wards were emptied in readiness for the expected large number of casualties. The first convoys arrived 9/10th June and the hospital continued to receive the wounded in the last months of 1944 and early weeks of 1945. As news of the arrival of convoys filtered through to the public, many were at the railway station to cheer the boys as they were being loaded into ambulances. Precious chocolate and cigarettes were offered to them, and unknowingly to a few German prisoners of war. They were mostly young boys of 15 and 16 years of age, and they were convinced that these people were trying to poison them! One ward was entirely given over to the prisoners of war, and guarded by the Military Police. Nurses with some knowledge of the German language were drafted to work on this ward. When V.E. Day was declared on 8th May 1945, there was great relief throughout the hospital and much jubilation! I later joined my husband in Portsmouth after our marriage in June 1945, and continued my work as a Theatre Sister for many years to come.

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