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Listen to What is making my child fat? Part 1: Finding solutions to the UK’s child obesity issue on 91�ȱ� Sounds now. Part 2 is available to listen to from Sunday 16 February.

On Radio 4’s The Food Programme this week, Sheila Dillon explores the causes and effects of childhood obesity. She examines the number of fast-food outlets that are close to schools and the temptation this brings to children – something both and the argue needs addressing.

With so many goodies quite literally on the doorstep, what can teenagers, younger children and parents do to make stopping for junk food less appealing?

How serious is the childhood obesity problem?

More than children are overweight or obese when they start primary school, rising to one in three by the time they start secondary school. It’s easy to think that with teens often having a , stopping to buy a chocolate bar on the way to school and a bag of crisps on the way home wouldn’t cause problems. But, “the evidence shows that overweight and obese boys over the age of four consume 140–500 excess calories each day, and girls in the same age bracket 160–290”, according to Dr Simon Steenson, a nutrition scientist from the British Nutrition Foundation. “Obesity can affect a child’s physical and mental health, increasing their risk of conditions like high blood pressure and breathing difficulties, as well as the potential for bullying and low self-esteem”, he continues.

A poor diet when young can impact your body as you grow up, according to Leeds University’s Dr Nicholas Wilkinson, co-founder of . “There’s the that you can grow if you don’t eat well when you’re small. It can mean you grow a different metabolism, which is good at living off smaller and less nutritious food. That phenotype helps to deal with the straitened circumstances you’re growing up with, but it’s not good for your body in the long run.”

Paediatric dietitian Hannah Whittaker highlights the importance of tackling the problem early in life: “Once a child is around the age of five and overweight, it’s difficult to revert back because the child’s body is laying down these fat cells, which then just continue to grow.”

Which children are most at risk?

“Children from the most deprived areas of England are more than twice as likely to be obese as those from the least deprived areas”, explains Dr Steenson. “For those on the lowest incomes, a healthy diet can cost almost three-quarters of their disposable income, and less healthy foods tend to be cheaper. The environment in more deprived areas can also mean higher exposure to fast food outlets and fewer opportunities to be active.”

1. Get them to play with food when young

The Flavour School encourages primary school children to try fruit and veg by shifting the focus from trying something new, which they’re suspicious of, to it being part of a wider experience. Dr Wilkinson explains, “A lot of the time the activities are not explicitly about tasting things. You might be saying to the children: ‘hey, what sound does this make when you chew it?’. This will help children who are stubborn in their views on food and are likely to respond with ‘I won’t try this’.”

2. Introduce new foods away from the dinner table

Rather than always spending ages in the kitchen on a new recipe, only for your child to turn his or her nose up at it, try to give a little taste of something every now and then – a new veg, or perhaps a segment of a fruit they haven’t tasted before. “The only upshot of the child not liking something is them going ‘urgh’ and spitting it out. It becomes less emotional and it’s less painful for parents as well”, says Dr Wilkinson.

3. Check portion sizes

Food labelling gives information about the nutritional quality of your food, but it’s not always available in those fast-food outlets near schools. “Smaller businesses might not do it (display nutritional information). So when you go to the chip shop on the corner of the road, are you able to make the same informed choice?”, says Whittaker.

She suggests parents and children learn to be mindful of what a portion size looks like. “Something like a large bag of crisps could involve you separating out a portion size for the correct age. Otherwise it’s easy to sit in front of the TV and, without realising it, eat two or three portions. We need to have more mindful eating patterns. So even though that temptation still might be there, when you are eating the food you’re conscious of what and how much you’re eating”, she says.

4. Make homemade versions of takeaways

If you or your child has a taste for takeaways, look for recipe swaps. “Whether it’s curries or fried Chinese-style dishes with noodles, think ‘how can we change them? What can we do to make them different, to reduce the fat, saturated fat, salt and sugar?’, says Whittaker. So instead of getting that takeaway on a Friday night, have the same food but homemade with adapted ingredients. By doing this you will re-programme what ‘comfort food’ means to your child.

Lots of us associate junk food brands with comforting childhood memories, but we need to try and break that association for the next generation, according to Dr Wilkinson. “You need to be willing to work at it and explore food yourselves, because it’s not going to be easy. You’re really swimming against the tide with this”, he says.

5. Get children involved in cooking

Encourage children to cook with you. “If they see what goes in there, they trust it more. If they’ve made it with their own hands, they’re more invested and they want to go further with it and try it”, says Dr Wilkinson.

6. Speak to the school

If you open your child’s bag at the end of the school day and see the healthy lunch you made still in pristine condition, alongside empty crisp packets, chocolate bar and sweet wrappers, you might ask where your child is getting the junk from. If you don’t believe it’s being bought outside of school, Whittaker suggests you consider contacting the school. “Go and see a teacher. We have healthy school initiatives, and part of these is concerned with packed lunch boxes and school meals. So you need to ask where are these foods coming from? Is it another child in the class?”.

7. Leave home with a full stomach

Make sure your teenager has something to eat before he or she goes out. Whether that’s toast or a low-sugar cereal in the morning or fruit before walking home from school, this simple step could help stop them giving in to temptation.

8. Get everyone on board

It’s important that parents act as role models when it comes to diet and cooking. “In clinic we talk about what a balanced diet looks like and the ” (the NHS’ advice for creating and following a healthy diet), says Dr Whittaker. Other family members who interact with the children can help with this too. “We need everybody to be on board – including nanas and grandads who might be giving junk food as ‘treats’”.

And finally... give yourself a break

Even when you’re doing everything you can do to help, it can be difficult. The key is to take a deep breath, don’t give up, and accept there are lots of people in the same position. Dr Wilkinson says: “Don’t beat yourself up, because it’s incredibly difficult… and if you’re having trouble dealing with it, so is everyone else, and so is society as a whole.”